Always Be Aware/ Connect to Internet with Care: CYBER CRIMES

CYBER CRIME/ COMPUTER-ORIENTED CRIME/COMPUTER CRIME is a crime involving computer and network of computer or the use of a computer as an instrument for illegal ends. It involves committing fraud, trafficking in child pornography, intellectual property stealing identities
or violating property. 
cyber Crime can be understood as "Offences that are done against being or group of beings with a criminal motive to intentionally harm the reputation of the victim directly/ indirectly or cause physical/ mental harm with the involvement of modern telecommunication networks such as internet and mobile phones. Cyber Crime especially  through Internet, has grown in importance as the computer has central to Commerce, trading, economics, entertainment and government.
      CYBER CRIME may threaten a person or a Nation. It is an attack on information about corporations/Individual/Government, although the attacks to dont take place physically, it occurs on virtual body,which is set of informational attributes that defines Institution/Person on Internet.
Crimes targeted against women with a motive to harm victim psychologically or physically using telecommunication network. CYBER CRIME crosses international borders and involve the actions of at least one nation state.

FIGURED DATA OF LOSS GLOBALLY

1. The annual damage to the global economy was $445billion.(Report published in 2014)
2. Approx $1.5 billion was loss to economy on online credit and debit card fraud in United          states in  2012.
3. In 2018, approx $600 billion is lost in Cyber Crime each year.

CLASSIFICATION OF Cyber Crime

Cyber Crime can be broadly classified on the basis of wide range of activities occurring.

Financial Fraud Crimes
Cyber terrorism
Cyber extortion
Cyber warfare
Computer as a Target
Computer as a Tool
Online Harassment

COMPUTER FRAUD/ FINANCIAL FRAUD CRIMES

COMPUTER FRAUD is the use of telecommunication components and computer such as Internet, internet devices and Internet services to defraud people/Organisations of resourceful need. It is  any dishonest misrepresentation of fact intended to let another to do or refrain from doing something which causes loss.. Illegal computer activities include Phishing, Social Engineering, Viruses.
The US government enacted The Comprehensive Crime Control Act to prevent Computer fraud. This act is meant to penalise violators with strict penalties.

CYBER TERRORISM

CYBER TERRORISM is the intentional use of Computer, Internet and Networks to cause harm and destruction for personal objectives. Skilled experienced cyber terrorists can cause massive loss to government systems, hospital records and National security programs. The motive of such terrorists may be political or Ideological. It general it can be defined as act of terrorism committed through computer and network. A simple information on internet that there will be Bomb attack on Sunday can be considered as CYBER TERRORISM activity.

CYBER EXTORTION

CYBER EXTORTION occurs when  a server, website etc. is introduced repeatedly denial  of service or other attack by malicious hackers. It is an act of cyber-criminal demanding payment through the use of some form of malicious activity against victim, such as data compromise or denial of service attack. These hackers demand money in return for promising to stop the attacks and offer protection.
One of the very common example of CYBER EXTORTION was the "attack on Sony Pictures of 2014".( On 24th November,2014, a hackers group named Guardians of Peace leaked a release of confidential data including personal information of Sony Pictures employees and their families, e-mails between employees, information about executives salaries, copies on unreleased films, plans for future Sony films, scripts of certain films with the demand to withdraw upcoming film. Sony elected to cancel the film's formal premiere and mainstream release, opting to skip directly).

CYBER WARFARE 

CYBER WARFARE involves the actions by a nation-state or international organisation to attack and attempt to damage another nations information through computer and network. It is the use of technology to have an attack on another nation, causing harm to actual warfare. The U.S. Department of Defence notes that Cyber space has emerged as Notional level concern. Fearing that such attack may become the norm in future warfare among nations, the concept of cyberspace operations impacts and will be adapted by war fighting military commanders.

COMPUTER AS A TARGET

Crimes committed primarily to target computer networks or devices include Computer Viruses, Denial of Service attacks, Malware. These crimes require the technical knowledge of owners. There are numerous crimes of this nature committed daily on internet.  Computers can be the target of a criminal activity, a storage place for data about a criminal activity tool used to commit a crime. some hackers may target law enforcement or military computer networks and read/copy sensitive information.

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Further with: CYBER SECURITY

Alpha, Bravo, Charlie, Delta: HOME-AWAY-FROM-HOME in N.D Academy

Alphabetically named Alpha,Bravo, Charlie, Delta, Echo, Foxtrot, Golf, Hunter, India, Julliet, Kilo, Lima, Mike, November, Oscar, Panther, Quebec and Romeo are not the name of any plays characters. But these are the names of 18 SQUADRONS which are been allotted to cadets when they report to National defence Academy. A cadet is alloted to one of the 18 Squadrons. It is a Home-Away-From-Home for cadets for the next three years of training in Academy.
       

Each Squadron has approximately 100 to 130 cadets including seniors and juniors under courses training in academy. No.1, No.2, No.3 and No.4 Battalions have four Squadrons, while No.5 has two Squadrons.
Owing to increase in number of cadets joining National Defence academy, The Defence Ministry Of India had recently sanctioned the raising of 16th, 17th, 8th Squadrons. Which are been initialised of their names being "P", "Q" and "R". The newly raised "Panthar" squadron won the Academy Cross-Country Run Championship.
Each Squadron has its own nickname, providing an individual richly textured identity historic. The Squadron spirit is inculcated and nurtured in the complete stay tenure of each cadet. Number of activities are been organised in the tenure for which the prestigious Inter Squadron Championship Trophy is awarded to best Squadron for best practises of teamwork and team spirit.
The Champion Squadron has the tradition of possession of the Champion banner for one complete term, which is carried during the parade and sports events.
Madras, Andhra Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Orissa, Gujrat, Karnataka, Punjab, West Bengal, Assam, Mumbai are the 12 States who have donated 500,000 each for the construction of Various Squadrons, the buildings have been named after these donor states.

National Defence Academy(NDA): The Best Opportunity to Serve MotherLand

"The Service Before Self" सेवा परमो धर्म 
                                           

                            
               Says the motto of NDA or National Defence Academy. National Defence Academy is the joint service academy of three Armed Force services namely ARMY, NAVY and AIR FORCES in India. In this academy the cadets are trained before they go on the respective service academies for further pre-commissioning training. India's NDA is honored to be first TRi-Service academy on globe.
                          The NDA is located in Khadakwasla in Pune Maharashtra. The foundation stone for the Academy was laid by the the First Prime Minister of India, Pt. Jawaharlal Nehru on 6th October, 1949. Whereas The National Defence Academy was formally commissioned in 1954, with an inauguration ceremony held on 16th January, 1955. Whereas in 1949, a committee decided to set up an interim training Academy, known as JOINT SERVICE WING (JSW). Initially, after 2years training completion at JSW , the Army cadets went on to the Military wing of ARMED FORCE ACADEMY(AFA) for two years, While the Navy and Air Force Cadets were sent to United Kingdom for further training.

National Defence Academy (NDA) Campus

                                    The NDA campus is located at north-west of Khadakwasla Lake which about 18kms south-west of Pune city. The site was chosen for being on a lake shore, because of suitability of neighbouring hilly region, being close to Arabian Sea and other military establishments. 
          The admistrative headquaters of the NDA was named the Sudan Block, in honour of the sacrifices of Indian Soldiers in the Sudan theatre during East African Campaign. It was inaugurated by Rahmatullah Abdulla, the Ambassador of Sudan to India, on 30th May 1959. The building is a 3-storey building constructed with Jodhpur Red Sandstone comprising a blend of Arches, Pillars and Verandahs, topped by a round shaped dome.The foyer has white italian marble flooring, walls of which hang portraits of NDA graduates who have been honored with the highest gallantry Awards, The Param Vir Chakra or The Ashoka Chakra.
                        The Param Vir Chakra (PVC) is India's highest military award for performing distinguised acts of Valour during wartime, it is equivalent to the Medal Of Honor of United states. Only 21 soldiers have received PVC till date. 
                        The Ashoka Chakra is India's highest peacetime Military Award given for courageous action or self-sacrifice away from the battlefield. The Ashoka Chakra is a depiction of the Dharma Chakra (a wheel represented with 24spokes).

Addmission Procedure

⏩Written NDA exam is conducted by UPSC (Union Public Service commission) for which applicants are invited. 

⏩Incoming classes are accepted Twice a year for two semester's. Semester's starting in July and January month.

⏩Extensive interviews is done by SSB (Service Selection Board)

⏩Interview covers General Aptitude test, Psychological Testing, Team Skills, Physical and Social skills, Medical Test.

⏩Only Unmarried Male candidates of minimum age 16yrs and maximum 19yrs are eligible for NDA & NA examination

⏩For Air force Applicant has also to go through Pilot Aptitude Battery Test

⏩Successful applicant further go to their respective Training academies before granting of commission.

⏩Army cadets go to Indian Military Academy(IMA) located at Dehradun, Air Force cadet go to Air Force Academy(AFA) located at Dundigal, Hyderabad and Naval Cadet go to Indian Naval Academy(INA) at Ezhimala, Kerala.

Training

➤After Higher secondary Examination(10+2) cadets joining Academy, undergo for three years graduation programm with BA/BSc/BCs from Jawaharlal Nehru University.

➤Cadets are trained on Outdoor skills such as Drill, sports, PT besides academic studies.

➤NDA has 2 Olympic size swimming pools, 32 Football fields, 2 Polo grounds, a Cricket Stadium, Gymnasium, Tennis courts, Squash Courts.

➤Spring(January to May) and Autumn (July to December) are two terms used to divide an Academic year.

➤Before graduation from NDA a cadet has to undergo through total 6 terms training.

National Council Of Educational Research and Training : NCERT

NCERT (National Council Of Educational Research and Training) is an autonomous(self-governing) organisation of Government Of India. It was established on 1st September 1961 as a literacy, scientific and charitable Society.
                   The Council was formed by merging seven existing National Government institutions.
1. The Central Institute Of Education
2. The Central Bureau Of Textbook Research
3. The Central Bureau Of Educational and Vocational Guidance
4. The Directorate Of Extension Programmes For Secondary Education
5. The National Institute Of Basic Education
6. The National Fundamental Education Centre
7. The National Institute Of Audio-Visual Education

Its headquarter is located at Sri Aurobindo Marg, New Delhi. The NCERT was established with the agenda to design and support a common system of education which encourages the diverse culture across the country based on the recommendations of Education Commission(1964-66) and is National in character. The first National Policy statement on Education was issued in 1968.
                 The policy imposed uniform pattern of school education across country consisting of 10 years of general education program followed by 2 years of diversified schooling. This framework came in 1975. It emphasised that a curriculum has to be developed on basis of research. Thus for NCERT, the 1970 was a decade flushed with curriculum research and development activities to relate the content and process of education to Indian realities.

NATIONAL CURRICULUM FRAMEWORK FOR SCHOOL EDUCATION

                   National Curriculum Framework for School Education was developed in 2000. It stressed on importance of stress-free, enjoyable, healthy childhood and reduction of the curricular burden. Thus an integrated and theme based approach was suggested, environmental education was emphasised upon and language and Mathematics go integrated in the first two years of school.

The NCF was based on 5 guiding principles:-
1. Connecting knowledge to life outside real life.
2. Shift from the intelligence method of learning
3. Overall development of children
4. Flexible Examination pattern and integrating them with classroom life.
5. Nurturing an identity by caring concerns

LOGO

The design of the NCERT logo is taken from an Ashoka period of 3rd century. The motto has been taken from the 'Isha Upanishad' meaning 'Life eternal through Learning'. The logo consists of Three intertwined Hansas which symbolises the integration of three aspects of the work of NCERT:

* Research and Development
* Training
* Extension


TEXTBOOKS

     Central Board Of Secondary Education CBSE prescribes the textbooks published by NCERT for classes 1st to 12th, with few exceptional subjects. Online textbooks are available at epathshala website which could be downloaded free. Around 19School boards from 14states have adopted the books. The material is press-ready and may be printed by paying 5% royalty and by acknowledging NCERT. The textbooks are printed in color and are least expensive books, with each for upto class VIII of maximum price of rs.55/-.

What is RTE: Right To Education

The Right to Education (RTE), is an act of the Parliament Of India which was enacted on 4th August 2009. This act describes the modalities of the importance of free and compulsory education for children between 6 and 14yrs of age.
This RTE act makes Education to be a Fundamental Right of every Child between the ages of 6 to 14yrs. It imposes all private schools to reserve 25% of seats to children which is reimbursed by the state government as a part of public-private partnership plan). It makes provisions for No Donation or Capitation Fees, No interview of Child or Parent for Admission. This Act also provides that no child shall be held back, expelled or required to pass a Board Exam until the completion of elementary Education. There is also a provision for special training of school drop-outs to bring them up to par with students of the same age.
                            The RTE Act provides surveys that monitor all neighbourhoods, identify children requiring education and set up facilities for providing it. It is the pride for India that World Bank Education specialist for India, Sam Carlson, has observed: "The RTE act of India is the first Legislation in the world that puts the responsibility of ensuring enrolment, attendance and completion on the Government. In other countries it is the responsibility of parents to send the children to schools."
                       

Special significance is been given to education in Indian Constitution. The Act lays down specific responsibilities for the Central, State and Local bodies for its implementation. There was lack of financial capacity to deliver education of appropriate standards in all the schools needed for universal education. Thus Central govt. was needed to subsides the states.

OBJECTIVES OF RTE

Right To Education Act was laid down with objective to have an Educated Nation. Some of the objectives are as follows;

*To provide free and compulsory education to each child until completion of elementary education.

*It associated Government to provide Compulsory Education, which means govt. will provide free  elementary education, compulsion in attendance and ensure that no child is liable to pay any kind of  fees or admission charges.

*Provision to un-admitted child into an age-appropriate class.

*It prohibits any kind of mental harassment, capitation fees, private tutions, physical punishments.

*It ensures to maintain a balanced teacher-pupil ratio and looks after rational deployment of teachers.

*It ensures to design curriculum that is value based, with the aim to bring overall development of  child.

Latest Update News 

* In Madhya Pradesh RTE seats have fallen down to 14% as compared to previous year. Online application Process ends up today for RTE admission for 3.5lakh seats in State.

* In MYSURU more than 50% of  RTE seats remained vacant, prompting DPI for announcing two more additional rounds to be conducted to fill the vacancies.

* In Nagpur second round to fill vacant RTE seats is extended till 27th June to complete admission process formalities.

Why Some Teachers are BETTER teachers?

"LIVE AS IF YOU WILL DIE TOMORROW, LEARN AS IF YOU WERE TO LIVE FOREVER."
                                                                        -Mahatma Gandhi

The very thoughtful quote given by our Bapu Mahatma Gandhi, is actually the core of human learning tendencies. Today lets for a while think on different learning styles of human being. As all are not born equal so do there learning capacity, grasping power differ. And this is on some grounds a very challenging task for an educator. As he has to be on common pace for all types of learners.

                 
From decades teachers and students have struggled for how to teach and how to learn. Every teacher has its own different style of teaching, and so do students to learn. The problem occurs when their both styles do not match. The term 'learning style' speaks to the understanding that every student learns differently. 
                            An individual's learning style refers to the preferential way in which the student absorbs, processes, comprehends and retains information. For example, when learning how to build a clock, some students understand the process by following verbal instructions, while others have to physically manipulate the clock themselves. 
                            Also many a times a thought comes that why some teachers were "better" than others or Why you liked certain subjects and disliked others. These are some very important aspects to be observed. Educational Science has studied these questions for years and has determined that when some individuals struggle with learning it may be entirely a question of how they are being taught.
          Understanding how your student learn is perhaps one of the most important tasks a parent can undergo while homeschooling. Teachers often use their preferred learning style as their main mode of teaching and if student do not share those same preferences then learning can be very difficult and frustrating. 
  
There are currently Seven "LEARNING STYLES":

• VISUAL (Spatial): One prefer using images, pictures and spatial understanding.
• AURAL (Auditory-musical): One prefer using musics, sounds, effects
• VERBAL (Linguistic): One prefer using Words, both in speech and writing.
• PHYSICAL (Kinesthatic): One prefer using body movements, hands, sense of touch.
• LOGICAL (Mathematical): One prefer using Logic's, reasoning and systems.
• SOCIAL (interpersonal): One prefer to learn in groups or with other people.
• SOLITARY (Intrapersonal): One prefer to work alone and use self-study.
• 

Being an educationist i need to observe the learning style of student and bring change in my teaching methodology. Watch your children and student. Listen to what they want and their interests. Compare the differences between how they learn. Compare how they interact with others while learning in group or by themselves. Each observation bring you closer to understanding their special gifts and will reveal to you more effective ways to teach them using preferred learning style.

CAREER IN MATHEMATICS- PART1

Mathematics is a puzzle, pleasing and pleasurable. It has both logical and creative bent, making it a problem solver delight. If you are deeply interested in Mathematics, if you feel numbers dancing in your head, you should probably consider career in Mathematics. It is possible to have a good satisfying career ahead.
                 Maths is one of the few subject where higher you climb steps, the more reasoning and logic is required. There are some factors that we must consider to choose the best course after 12th and first step is to know options available. Hence it is important that students have the following skills while dreaming of career in Mathematics

Key Skills Requirement 

• Precisely Thinking skill
• Logical Reasoning Power
• Mathematical Problem solving Skill

Career In Mathematics
           Mathematics opens the door to bright career. In India mostly teaching career is adopted after graduation or post graduation. Mathematics leads you for a diverse range of career such as Actuaries, Mathematicians, Analysts, Economists, Professors and many more. Apart from teaching, following organisation/ Departments are open for students to have great career in Mathematics stream. These organisations need mathematicians to solve mathematical problems in different research areas of Space, Defence, Aeronautics.

Governmental Organisations opportunities

• NAL (National Aeronautics Limited)
• DRDO (Defence Research and Development organisations)
• ISRO (The Indian Space Research Organisations

Private Industries Opportunities

Bank and Insurance companies are the options for mathematics students as this field revolves around maths and statistics. Mathematicians combine maths and stats to come up with various financial products. Only a skilled mathematician is able to calculate and reason to design complex critical financial models.

IT sector is another good option where they need mathematicians to work in their research sections. every little thing haveing a computerised chip inside, the complexities involved in calculations and design of these things need expert mathematicians at its core.

Biotechnology companies is the newly coming up career option for maths stream. They need students with a strong academic background in Biology and Mathematics for research reasons.

Teaching Field

                           Teaching as a career has always been in demand and we have vacant jobs for specialists in Institutions more than the number of students passing out every year. With the number of Institutions coming up every day we have lack of supply to the surging demand of lecturers/ Professors. teaching is always a good option as the salary package offered are decent from the entry levels to lecturers and professors.

                    Following are institutions that offer great Job/Career opportunities to students with a good Academic background in Mathematics.

• IITs (Indian Institute Of Technology)
• IISc (Indian Institute Of Science)
• DST (Department Of Science and Technology)
  

Educational Path

After 12th Class

• B.Sc (Hons)- 4Years course
• B.Sc - regular- 3Years Course
• B.Sc (Actuarial Science)

After Graduation

M.Sc

Integrated Courses 

After 12th class, student can also opt for a 4years or 5years integrated Courses.

4Year B.Sc and 1 Year M.Sc. Programme

IISc is currently having a 4Years B.Sc and 1 Year M.Sc programme for study in Mathematics.

5Year Integrated MSc Programme

This is a combined course viz B.sc (3years) and MSc (2Years) combined into one programme of 5Years.

The following institutions are currently having this 5Year integrated programme:-

• IITs
• IISERs
• Central University Hyderabad
• Central University Pondicherry

Post graduate Courses- M.Phil and PhD

Specialisation

For Higher studies following are few Specialisations that students can opt

• Bio-mathematics
• Complex Dynamics
• Mathematical Logic
• Algebra
• Geometry
• Combinatorics
• Differential Equations
• Fluid Mechanics
• Computational Fluid Dynamics
• Image Processing and Probability and Statistics